Maintaining Psychological Contract is Crucial During Downturns Essay

Maintaining Psychological Contract is Crucial During Downturns - Essay Example How employee perceive obligation and to what magnitude it is fulfilled constitute the main ingredient of this psychological contract. It can be divided into subdivisions within the literature that further enumerate its framework. The two types includes transactional and relational contract. Relational psychological contract is mainly driven by socio-emotional exchanges between the employee and the organization. It involves long term undefined performance terms and promotes a mutual sense of understanding. It bonds the two parties with the commitment of promoting collective interest over personal gains. (ODonohue et al 2007). On the other hand transactional psychological contract is comprised of monetizable exchanges and are driven by short term personal interest. Both these type of contract terms blend together to provide with the important adhesive that binds the two parties with a concealed force. According to Burr and Thomas there is another form of contract which is emerging unde r the label of â€Å"ideology-infused† contract. It has a more transpersonal perspective not only transactional and relational but also for something for the society. So it demonstrates what is in it for me, us and the society. So far we were explaining psychological contract from one dimension only involving the employee and the organization. But since recent changes in the trend of hiring workers from different agencies has given rise to another form of psychological contract. This contract has two dimensions. In this setup, workers are employee of the agency hence all the essence of psychological contract perfectly applies among the two parties. The other contract is established between the employee and the client organization where he or she works. (Chambel et al 2009). This dual psychological contract is not discussed much in the literature and it is important to highlights its implication in today’s changing trend of contingent employment. Now technically there

Middle eastern humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Middle eastern humanities - Essay Example It is, therefore, paramount to consider the similarities and differences of the culinary traditions of the delegation from the Middle East before setting up the banquet. Middle East cooking uses generously herbs and spices. The cooks must apply various aromatics and spices in their cooking. Another characteristic of Middle Eastern cooking is the use of skewer cooking (Heine, 75). Middle Eastern cooks prefer skewer cooking to charcoal. The cooks should not use charcoal in line with this tradition. Slowly simmering the foods in unglazed covered pots is another cooking method that the cooks should consider. The banquet should consist of food types that are common among the countries of the visiting delegation. The banquet should consist of rice, wheat and stuffed vegetables dishes. In addition, the cooks should serve omelets, meatballs and scented rice puddings. The cooks should wrap the pies using paper-thin pastry. The pastries should also be nut-filled. Other food types required are fritters soaked in syrup and chopped pistachios served with almonds. Chickpeas served with spinach is a common food combination in the Middle East that must be served at the banquet. The major categories of cooking styles in the Middle East are Turkish, Arab, Iranian as well as North African. Turkish cooking is the most diverse. However, Turkish meal consists of a standard menu of meat and appetizers. Ozan (4) states that the Turkish cooking is sometimes called ‘saray’ cooking. Offering the Turkish cuisine would be good for the visiting delegation due to the popularity of this cuisine. The cuisine should consist of various types of kebab dishes, aubergine and a rice dish prepared with fish. Pastry served with meat or potatoes would also be an ideal meal. Drinks are an important accompaniment of the Turkish cuisine (Ozan, 134). The cooks should serve Turkish coffee and

Concept of Hope in Nursing

Concept of Hope in Nursing INTRODUCTION The aim of this assignment is to explore the concept of hope, which has a great significance in nursing practice, and how this concept relates to the patient care provision will also be discussed. Hope is vital for everyone, and is an inner power or expectations of something better outcomes from any situation. Hope could be renewed with the restoration of peoples confidence in themselves, their government, and the future, hope does not depend on facts or logic, nor can it simply be ordered into being, although it can be encouraged (Parse 1999). Hope is a powerful thing which gives energy to the life, to achieve goals and perditions of better life. DEFINIING THE CONCEPT Hope is defined by many authors in their own views. Some of the definitions will be undertaken to understand the concept of hope precisely in this piece of work. Hope is defined as an essential but dynamic life force that grows out of faith in God, is supported by relationship, resource and work, and results in the energy necessary to work for a desired future; Hope gives meaning and happiness (Holt 2000).It means that hope is an important part of life, and it forces the life believe in the trust. The relationship, work, and resources also support it. Hope plays a vital role to improve the patients condition and nurses utilize this concept by using their efficient nursing skills. A nurse must have to understand that how unique and different is every individual before applying this concept to motivate their inner power to believe in this concept of hope. Hope has a meaning and provides happiness. According to Miller and Powers (1988) hope is defined as an anticipation of a future whic h is good, based on mutuality (relationships with others), a sense of personal competence, coping ability, psychological well being, purpose and meaning in life, and a sense of the possible. Therefore, the concept of hope is a part of future which is very important for the better and successful life. It is based on various aspects including need to equality, means the relationship with others, personal ability and coping ability to gain planned objectives. It has a purpose and meaning in life and there is need to physical as well as psychological well being to achieve the desired result. There is also need to develop positive attitude and a feeling of possibility. Nowotny (1989) concluded that hope is a multidimensional dynamic attribute of an individual which includes six critical attribute: future oriented, active individual involvement, comes from within, related to trust, that which is hoped for is possible, involves other people or a higher being, outcome is important to the i ndividual. A person having hope has the characteristics of multilayered elements which involves six significant traits which means a person must set goals for his/her future and should develop active individual involvement physically as well as psychologically, It also correlate the person to faith which is very necessary for the possibility of hope. According to Farran et al. (1992) hope is defined as expectation about attaining some desired goal in the future, a necessary condition for action, a subjective state that can influence realities to come, and knowledge that we can manage our internal and external realities. It is a required circumstance for the action of planned goals. It is a fact which deals with the inner and outer veracity of a person. Default and Martocchio (1985) stated that hope is defined as a multidimensional dynamic life force characterized by a confident yet uncertain expectation of achieving a future good which, to the hoping person is realistically possible and personally significant. Hope is a strong positive feeling, which is related to the achievement of the goals that are established for better future. According to Snyder et al. (1991) hope is defined as a cognitive set that is based on reciprocally derived sense of successful agency (goal directed determination) and pathway (planning of ways to meet goals). Therefore, hope is an intellectual set up which depends on the sense to achieve desired goals and objectives of life. It is a way to achieve the desired objectives by well planning that includes all the methods which are going to follow. RELEVANCE OF THE CONCEPT TO PRACTICE In nursing, hope has a significant role. When a nurse gives care to the patient he/she encourages the patient to think positively by using this concept of hope. It is only hope which motivates the individuals to be positivistic towards life. This will help them to maintain good interpersonal relationship as well as it accelerates the healing process. Mickley et al. (1992) considered that a multidimensional dynamic attribute of an individual which includes the dimensions of possibility and confidence in the future outcome, active involvement which comes from relations with others and spiritual beliefs. In this, the concept of hope has multidimensional characteristics involving possibilities and confidence. This can be only achieved by the interaction with others. Here the role of a nurse is to instill hope in the patient and build confidence and motivate to perceive life positively. According to Herth (1989) Hope is a source of energy, enabling healthy coping, and influencing survival , it is positive relationship between level of hope and level of coping in the individual. The author suggests that the terms hope and coping are inter-related with each other. It has good relationship with coping and expecting. When this concept is utilized in nursing, the nurses have to consider each patients needs and cope up with their expectations and disease process. It can further result in good patient outcome. The concept of hope has great impact on the role of nurse and patient care. Hope is a motivation for the nurses which relate them for their active involvement in the work (Kulig 2002). A good working environment promotes both nurse and patient to work together. Hope is also relevant for the nurses who give palliative care to the patients (Feudtner et al. 2007). Nurses play vital role in encouraging the patients to take part in the effective management. According to Snyder (1998) hope is build upon the principle that a good deal of everyday behavior is goal directed to wards the patient care. It means that good behavior of the nurses plays an important role while giving care to the patient. Good communication with the patient by nurses can foster a positive hope, which may provide an effective way to achieve the goal. There are some barriers of hope which come forward when this concept of hope put in nursing practice. According to Jackson, et al. (2000) barriers in hope are difference in spiritual beliefs, lack of knowledge, language and communication, economical factors, lack of trust about healthcare system and accepting hospice is perceived as giving up hope. Every individual may have different views on their spirituality, lack of knowledge about disease condition withdraw a nurse to develop hope in the patient. Language and communication also can be the major barrier to motivate hope in patient. Moreover, nurses can also promote the hope in patient with good communication and motivate the patient by giving proper explanation regarding the dise ase process, its treatment and recovery. So, a nurse must have good communication skills as well as she should be a good listener. Economical barriers also affect the quality of care. Due to the financial problems one cannot afford the facilities that can be provided in good hospitals. Furthermore, different language and customs of patients can also hinder the application of the concept of hope in the nursing practice. Therefore, it is essential to know the significance of hope in nursing as well as to understand the barriers of concept in order to deliver a quality of care to the patient. CONCLUSION To sum up, in this piece of work the concept of hope, its various perspectives and characteristics have been analyzed. Moreover, its relevance in patient care in nursing practice were identified in this framework. It is obvious from above analysis that hope has a crucial role in nursing practices and in ones life. It has a great influence in the coping mechanism of the patient from illness. Nurse assumes a primary role while giving care to the terminally ill patient. Finally, Hope is a multidimensional process which boosts the patient actively to takes part in the process related to their care and for the welfare of their health.

Synthesis of Tavris, Goodman, and Underwood :: Culture Sex Cultural Essays

Synthesis of Tavris, Goodman, and Underwood We’ve all been in a situation where we’ve been unknowingly manipulated by a group of people. It’s human nature to follow. Often times, for instance a gang shooting or the Holocaust in the 1940s, the outcome of blind following reminds that human nature can be atrocious. But do you think every German Nazi who contributed to the mass murders was an evil person? No, most were lead to believe that they were doing a good thing. Hitler was a powerful orator who convinced millions of people to support him. Why should anyone have thought something was wrong if there were millions of people who thought it was just fine? Hollywood is almost as evil and just as persuasive as Hitler was; and when an individual becomes a fraction of any group whether it be Hollywood’s audience or a collection of colleagues, the individual’s plight to remain at hand, is almost always defeated. In Tavris’ (2002) essay she explains why she thinks people act differently alone than in a group. She uses the examples of Kitty Genovese and Rodney King to illustrate that people are not willing to be courageous among other people. She claims that it is not the individual’s fault, but that is the ‘nature of groups’ that leave the individual barren of their usually present morals. We don’t want to wrongly intervene to spare our ego,, or we diffuse the responsibility on others who are around us assuming that another has already taken the initiative. She recommends that people inform themselves of the anomaly of what she calls â€Å"group-think† in hopes that education will empower them; even if they’re in a group. In Goodman’s (2002) Essay ‘Countering the Culture of Sex’ she discusses the common topic of the effects of sex in the media. She asserts that it isn’t enough to blame the media. W should transform the problem into the solution by having Hollywood realistically portray the aftermath of sexual encounters. By doing this, she hopes, will reduce the amount of teenage pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. Teenagers should be more aware of the consequences and less enamored with the romanticized image of sex; Goodman believes Hollywood is the answer. Using the example of Kitty Genovese, the woman who was witnessed being stabbed to death by a whole apartment building, Tavris (2002) says â€Å"Something happens to individuals when they collect in a group.

Evaluation of Security Considerations in the Design of Public Buildings in Abuja

AN Evaluation OF SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN ABUJA ; Introduction The primary intent of edifices is to supply residents with contributing, safe, comfy, healthy and secured indoor environment to transport out different sorts of activities runing from work, survey, leisure, concern and household life to societal interactions. ( Olagide and Bello 2007 ) . Benjamin and Lawrence, 2007 noted that in order to accomplish this intent, edifices are designed, planned, constructed and managed based on standard specifications established by government’s professionals and experts who are supposed to hold equal cognition of user’s demands and outlooks, among others. ( Webster, 1966 ) , province that security is the province of feeling of being free from fright and danger or the riddance of menaces. Security is one of the basic demands of humanity. Human security is about screening persons and communities from any signifier of force or insecurity. Human security sought to foreground new concerns about planetary security and needs to turn to a menace to human life. ( Ogboi and Eze, 2013 ) . Harmonizing to ( Gilbert et al. ( 2003 ) as cited by Benjamin and Lawrence [ 2007 ] Terrorist onslaughts as a menace to edifices are a menace that most design codifications have non addressed in the yesteryear, and which have clearly become more of import. ( Benjamin and Lawrence, 2007 ) opines that particularly for certain types of edifices. These has become an issue that cause fright, anxiousness and concern in the heads of the populace. As edifice codifications are bing for the benefit and protection of the populace and belongingss, it seems sensible that codifications should be taken into history the perceptual experiences and frights of the general populace when planing for all jeopardies, including terrorist menaces. Prince philips, ( 2010 ) states that the security breach by the terrorist group at the force central office and the united states office in Abuja in 2011 had thrown up assorted security issues and brought about frights in the head of populaces. Aziza, ( 2011 ) , noted that public edifices in Nigeria today seems to hold been the focal point of terrorist onslaught. Building security and safety took on new intending on September 11, 2001. Unprecedented terrorist actions that twenty-four hours at the universe trade centre in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington. DC, made edifice proprietors and users think as they had ne'er thought before about secure and safe, they are-or aren’t-in the edifices they use every twenty-four hours. ( Anderson, 2008, as was cited by Muhammad, and Asmau S, [ 2012 ] . Architects, applied scientists, security and engineering advisers define the architect’s function in the relationship between security and edifice design. Aziza, ( 2011 ) . Noted that constructing security considerations is non merely about put ining the latest electronic cogwheel and package bundle. Nor is it merely a consideration for constructing types with extremely specific tenancy considerations. Increasingly, edifices of all kinds are campaigners for the sort of careful security planning that proceeds hand-in-hand with the architectural design procedure. To guarantee an appropriate and cost-efficient degree of security, designers need to introduce themselves with the scope of security factors that affect the design. Safety, menaces to edifices are addressed by constructing codifications. By Torahs, designers and other interior decorators must conform to plan and building criterions applicable to the legal power in which a undertaking is located. Mandated demands in edifice codifications are intended to protect the wellness and safety of edifice residents, firemans, and exigency forces, and to keep the structural unity of edifices in the event of fire and other inauspicious status. Although safety menaces relate to security menaces, constructing codifications do non incorporate security demands. Safety menaces, which are unwilled, consequence from natural phenomena ( e.g. Lighting inundations, hurricanes and twisters ) or through human carelessness and ignorance ( e.g. Improper usage, accidents, equipment failure, and system defects ) . Security menaces are knowing and originate in human actions. Angry persons, vandals, felons, and terrorists can transport out knowing menaces. However, heather me naces are knowing or unwilled, they may hold similar results, runing from nuisances to catastrophes of the major graduated table ( got from security and planning in the design ) . Nimma, ( 2007 ) . Stressed that with the recent rush in panic onslaughts comes the demand to reconsider edifice design considerations to safeguard lives and belongings and minimise hazard and chance of onslaught. The easiness at which security was beaten at the United Nations edifice in Abuja raise new inquiries as to the rightness of the full composite in position of its position. Granted the edifice exhibited resilient structural unity in defying impact, it ought to be more hard to hedge security. ( Fatima, 2004 ) opines that the bombardment of Lois Edet house-Nigeria’s constabulary central office was besides an indicant that today’s design security considerations are clearly unequal. The undermentioned anti-terror constructing design considerations are recommended for composites that can be marks for panic onslaughts. There is the demand to procure edifices in Nigeria. Since the September 11, 2011 panic onslaughts in the United States, the demand to forestall or react to Acts of the Apostless of panic has radically transformed the policing and security landscape of states. This is frequently marked by the passage of new statute law, creative activity of new security bureaus or sections, furthering inter-agency intelligence sharing and engineering proviso of new resources, development of engineerings, and intensification of bilateral and multi-lateral cooperation on policing and security. In many legal powers, nevertheless, these steps have been taken at the disbursal of cultivating the people and communities in affected parts whose support and partnerships are important in geting actionable intelligence against terrorist menaces and reacting efficaciously to the threat. Nigeria is unluckily no exclusion. PROBLEM STATEMENT The job of insecurity is now a major tendency all over the Earth. Insecurity affects human life and being, the construct of insecurity has normally been ascribed different readings in association with the assorted ways which it affects persons. Security considerations remain its values for investing safety. The frequence of terrorist onslaught on edifice constructions in Nigeria in the past few old ages had become really alarming and unreassuring. Many lives and belongingss have been lost in the prostration of edifices largely in Abuja. Many belongings proprietors have developed high blood force per unit area and some have been sent to an early grave. ( Ogboi and Eze, 2013 ) . Beland ( 2005 ) , defines insecurity as â€Å"the province of fright or anxiousness stemming from a concrete or alleged deficiency of protection† . It refers to miss or inadequate freedom from danger. This definition reflects physical insecurity which is the most seeable signifier of insecurity, and it feeds into many other signifiers of insecurity such as economic security and societal security. AIM AND OBJECTIVES The primary purpose of this research is to rating of security considerations in the design of public edifice. The specific aims of this research is to execute the followersTo place and measure assorted security considerations in care schemes adopted for public edifices ;To find the effectivity for security considerations in public edifices ;To measure the degree of security challenge in public edifices ;To measure and measure the relevancy of security consideration in public edifices in Abuja ;RESEARCH QUESTIONSWhat are the considerations for following and care schemes for public edifices?How effectual is the security consideration in public edifices?What is the degree of security challenges in public edifices?What extend is the degree of security challenges in public edifices?What is the relevancy of security considerations in public edifices in Abuja?Boundary line The range of this research is focused on security considerations in the design of public edifices in Abuja. The position of Abuja as the capital metropolis of Nigeria means the metropolis is traveling to maintain edifice physical constructions and spread outing in range and size. Abuja, Nigeria’s federal capital metropolis, is a fast developing one. Abuja has a sprawling and unprecedented population growing, far more than the official figures. This is mostly due to resulting urbanisation in the metropolis following the resettlement of the federal capital from Lagos, and to the economic chances that the metropolis seems to offer. This has put tremendous force per unit area on the city’s substructure, peculiarly lodging, every bit good as other services many authorities constitutions, embassies, international bureaus and several corporate pudding stones are headquartered in Abuja. The metropolis has seen the development of major Constructions of constructions and substructures to run into up with the demands of adjustment for office, residential and recreational infinites. The research is to concentrate on some major edifices, and will ineptly look into the security consideration of cardinal bank of Nigeria and National house of assembly which are both strategic edifices in Abuja Nigeria These are indispensable elements of our economic system and life, and are hence attractive marks to terrorist groups. This research will concentrate on the protective readyings of some public countries, and provides relevant information to professionals and others who are concerned with these issues. The research will measure the handiness, external construction, stuffs and internal safety. Significance OF STUDY This research intends to turn to and make full in some of the spreads that approaches to security of lives and belongingss in developing a agency of safeguarding residents and edifices particularly the causes of terrorist onslaught and demo how to keep effectual security policies. Protecting the residents and contents of a edifice from the consequences in the consequences of a natural or human assault, the concluding end of physical security design is to minimise harm to a edifice and its systems so recovery may be possible. This is, of class, a challenging undertaking because the effects of temblors, windstorms, inundations, and detonations are hard to foretell. Joseph.A, ( 2003 ) believed that the exposures of an bing edifice can be evaluated against a menace analysis for the construction. Methods for retrofitting the edifice to turn to these exposures are so examined. Technology has provided many stuffs and techniques that make it possible, though non ever economical, to protect bing edifices against utmost duress such as bomb harm. Methodology The survey adopted a study research techniques, and is supported by Marshall and Rossman ( 1989 ) that aggregation of informations and analysis in a qualitative research is a coincident procedure. Random trying method was adopted for choosing the sample size utilizing a well-structured questionnaire, which was self-administered to the respondents. The secondary informations were sought through a careful hunt of different stuffs. The major beginning of information was obtained through literature study of books, studies of dailies and periodicals, authorities publications, conference documents and seminar studies among other. Descriptive analysis was employed to analyze the information gathered which was presented in a narrative. The rationalist position besides known as the scientific method is based on dependable and nonsubjective informations, mensurable experiments, trials, every bit good as statistical processs. It derives its strength from the impression that better apprehension of human experience can be gained through experiments and observations, positivist position to rating draws fundamentally on the method-based theory and focal points on developing Methodological model for verifying the internal cogency ( causality ) and external cogency ( generalisation ) of programmes, rating research is focused on the coevals of hypothesis, aggregation of quantitative informations, and utilizing the information to prove hypothesis and besides evolve theory as it is done in scientific experiments. The chief instruments of informations aggregation were interviews, focal point group treatments, questionnaires, reappraisals, observations. Relevant secondary informations, and the rationalist orientation for the research. Most significantly hypotheses are developed through the treatment of the conceptual theoretical account and constructivist attack. 1

Dance of Life Essay

The painting â€Å"Dance of Life†, created by Edvard Munch in 1900, is a painting that portrays people in different stages of life. It portrays two women who seem sad, a third woman who seems happy, and a bunch of other women dancing with men. The painting implies that life is difficult and that it can be depressing at times, but that it always goes on. The arrangement of the women in a half circle represents the phases of life. The women on the end of the half circle are both standing alone. The woman on the far left stands alone, representing youth, and wears white, representing innocence. The woman on the far right stands alone, representing the loneliness of old age, and she wears black, representing death or loss. The women dancing in the background represent the different phases of life and the enjoyment that can be found in every phase of life. The woman in the center of the painting represents the idea of being out of step with the ‘dance of life’. She wears a red dress, different from all the others. Red represents danger or anger which can be perceived as negative, but by painting her in the center the artist respects her unique position in life and implies that her difference from the rest is a positive quality. The way that others are turned towards her represents how people in society center so much of their lives on attention to others’ decisions. More than half of the painting has a green background representing life and vitality. The top quarter of the painting is a blue body of water that simultaneously represent tranquility. The juxtaposition of these two represents the necessity of having balance in your life. The green, as well as the people dancing, represent the joy to be found in life. Most of life should be joyous, coupled with the tranquility, silence, and reflection represented by the blue and the three girls not dancing. The different colors used in this painting represent all the different aspects in life and how important it is to acknowledge all of them. The artist doesn’t use harsh lines or defined shapes in this painting. All the shapes are smooth and rounded. It really adds to the implication that life flows. The smooth shapes help the painting transition from left to right. The smooth shapes support the half circle shape and it all works together to create a path for the eye to follow. There’s not a large contrast of darkness and light; most of the painting is dark except for one column where the sun is, which casts more light on the girl in white. This gives the idea that there’s more light, more carefree-ness in the youth. The entire painting is two dimensional. Though there are clearly different rows and elements to this painting, the grass, water, and sky all seem to run together in a flat way. This gives the feeling that we are bigger than life; that we are bigger than the problems of the world around us. The painting has three central points of interest; the three women in their different phases of life are set up as the most significant points of the painting. It represents the phases of life and brings to mind the emotions associated with those phases. The young girl in the white dress stands next to flowers which only accentuate the idea of youth and imply that the girl, like the flowers, will still continue to grow. The older woman on the end seems to have a morose, solemn look about her. It implies introspection and reflection on the long life she’s lived. It gives pause to the viewer and causes them to be solemn. One reason the painting conveys its message so well is because of the way the women are set up in contrast to each other. The harmony in the painting is created in the way that the women wear white and the men wear black. It creates a calm background which sets up a better backdrop to set the three women apart. The sun setting over the water creates a smooth backdrop and adds an idea of resignment to the painting; as though it’s okay to accept this ‘dance of life’ as a way of living. Unity is completely achieved in this painting as all of the people have something in common; be it gender, clothing color, or disposition. This is a closed compositional painting and it’s emphasized by the circle closing off at the edges of both paintings. It represents the idea of the circle of life and ensures that every aspect of life is contained in the painting. The lines and structure of this painting seem unintentional. The lines of the grass and the separation between the water and the sky aren’t straight or harsh. They’re smooth and blurred, creating an intentionally casual dynamic. The point of view of the painter is that life is short and that people are happiest in their youth. The older woman seems to have a look of remorse or regret on her face as she stares at the lady in red. The painter seems to be saying that we, as the viewers, should enjoy our youth and live without regrets. It also gives implications about life and the human experience; life is contained in a short circle and passes by quickly. In any phase of life, there are things to be enjoyed and appreciated because life passes by way too quickly. The painter’s view of the world is that there’s good aspects of every part of life. He seems to think that youth is the best part of life and that mistakes are central to life. The way that everyone circles around the woman in red represents that life circles around mistakes and trials but that it’s all surmountable. The painting accurately describes the way that the artist sees the way the life begins and ends; the way that we start as the girl in white—innocent and hopeful and young—and that we end as the lady in black—feeling morose and sad and as though life has slipped away all too suddenly. The way that she looks at the girl in red implies that the painter thinks that in our old age all we have to look back on is the choices we made, the friends we choose to keep, and the happiness that we choose to create. Though this was painted in 1900, it very accurately represents our culture right now. It’s a reminder to seize the day, to live for the moment, to make the most of whatever phase of life you’re in so that you won’t look back at the end of life and regret choices or missed opportunities. This painting causes me to reflect on my life and the decisions that I make. It makes me want to focus more on being happy with the phase of life that I’m in and to appreciate being youthful and carefree. It reinforces the desire to not make decisions that will keep me out of the circle. The painting gives the feeling that life is to be enjoyed, and that no matter what it will keep going.

Snyder v Phelps Essays

Snyder v Phelps Essays Snyder v Phelps Essay Snyder v Phelps Essay Everyone is entitled to pattern their faith. Everyone has the right to voice their sentiment. The measure of rights provinces that this right could neer be taken off. but does it do it right for a individual to utilize this right to assail a individual? On March 3rd. 2006 a Marine. Lance Corporal Matthew Snyder. died of hurts sustained in a vehicle accident in Anbar state. Iraq. A hebdomad subsequently a funeral service was held in award of this fallen soldier in his hometown of Finksburg. Maryland. As the service began an accretion of people began to piece to riot with marks that say. Thank God for Dead Soldiers. The beginning of this disturbance all comes from the presence of one adult male and his fold. Pastor Fred Phelps and the Westboro Baptist church of Topeka. Kansas. The Westboro church’s actions all stemmed from Phelps and the church’s belief that God is penalizing the United States for leting homophiles into the military. although Lance Corporal Snyder was non homosexual. in fact. Phelps claims he was non aiming the household of the deceased but alternatively was aiming the U. S. Military. merely utilizing Snyder’s funeral as a forum for their protest. These actions carried on by the Westboro Baptist church are nil new to the populace ; the fold has made several visual aspects at funerals since 1955 doing major contentions throughout the universe. but Albert Snyder. the male parent of the asleep Marine decided to take legal action against the wrongdoers. by actioning the church. its Curate and his two girls. Cursing to the public Snyder stated that he wasn’t making it for the money. but wanted to hush the group. Snyder besides stated he was contending to protect the other households emotionally torn from the hurting inflicted by the Westboro church. as he himself felt his son’s memory was disrespected and privateness was evaded on. On February 4th 2008 the instance went to a District degree Court in Maryland which Judge Bennet ruled in favour of Snyder presenting him from a reduced five million dollars by using both federal constitutional and province common jurisprudence criterions to 2. million dollars emotional amendss caused by the church. Three yearss subsequently Phelps filed a statement to the Court of Appeals in the Fourth District On September 24th 2009. the appellant tribunal ruled in Phelps’s favour. siding with his right to pattern freedom of address and faith no affair how hideous. had been protected by the First Amendment. Snyder statement had besides been eakened because he did non really see the protest except for on telecasting. He didn’t even cognize it was traveling on until after the funeral already ended and had returned to his place and viewed it on the intelligence. Bing that both parties are reasoning from different provinces. the United States Supreme Court had to acquire involved. On March 2nd. 2011 The Supreme Court in an 8 to 1 decided. as did the Appellate tribunal sided with Phelps and his fold. The make up ones minding item the caused the determination was Phelps’s protest happening on a public pavement. and is speaking about issue that is good known to the populace. can non be held responsible for the emotional hurt that occurs as a consequence. had Snyder had been in position of Phelps’s protest he would hold been saw as an unwilling hearer to the hateful discourse. Catching up with Albert Snyder after the determination. he states. It’s over and he’s ready to travel on Snyder merely regrets non decently happening closing to son decease after contending a legal war for five old ages the Fred Phelps and his Party.

structuring process of the app essays

structuring process of the app essays Structuring Process of the Appellate Court Since the creation of mankind the world has been continually changing. A justice system is an important set of social institutions. To fully understand this model we will start with the basic aspects of the Appellate Court. For instance, most legal disputes involving state law are initially decided in the trial courts or by an administrative agency. But after such a decision, an individual may turn to the states appeal courts if he or she believes a legal error occurred that harmed the case. In fact, thousands of cases are appealed every year. They include criminal convictions as well as civil cases involving personal injury, contracts, employment, real estate, probate, divorce, child custody and many other issues. Whenever an appellate court reverses a trial court decision, it almost always allows that court to rehear the case using the correct law and procedures. In the vast majority of cases, the decision of a Court of Appeal is final. The state Supreme Court does not re view the vast majority of cases; it steps in to resolve new or disputed questions of law as well, as to review death penalty cases. Death penalty cases proceed directly to the Supreme Court, by passing the lower Court of Appeal. The appellate courts of California consist of the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals. The judges who serve on these courts are called appellate justices. There are seven justices on the Supreme Court and 93 justices on the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals is divided into six geographical districts and hears cases arising within the district. Proceedings in appellate courts are very different from those in trial courts. In trial courts a judge or jury hears the testimony of witnesses and reviews physical evidence, exhibits and documents before deciding a case. Appellate courts do not decide an appeal by taking new evidence or reassessing the credibility of the witnes...

Mauvais - French Expressions

Mauvais - French Expressions The French word mauvais literally means bad and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to say mean trick, weed, ill repute, and more with this list of expressions with mauvais. French Expressions Using Mauvais avoir mauvaise mine to look unhealthy La balle est mauvaise. (tennis) The ball is out. faire un mauvais coup to play a mean trick (on someone) se faire du mauvais sang to worry en mauvais tat in bad condition un mauvais contact faulty connection un mauvais coucheur awkward customer une mauvaise excuse poor excuse la mauvaise graine bad seed, bad lot une mauvaise herbe weed une mauvaise langue a gossip un mauvais lieu place of ill repute le mauvais il evil eye Les mauvais ouvriers ont toujours de mauvais outils. (proverb) A bad workman always blames his tools. mauvais rapport qualit-prix poor value le mauvais temps bad weather regarder lil mauvais to look threatening, to fix someone with a threatening look recevoir un mauvais coup to get a nasty blow

The Relationship between Eliezer and his Father. Explain how Eliezer's Essay

The Relationship between Eliezer and his Father. Explain how Eliezer's relations with his father changes throughout the novel - Essay Example The relationship however did not start as strong as it ended. The novel demonstrates the changes in how the two related through various experiences. Their initial relationship is first presented at the beginning of the book. The father is not so much concerned about his son’s education or desires. When Eliezer wishes to study the Cabbala, he requests his father if he could get a master to guide him. Although we know that his father could have done it, he discourages Eliezer saying that "You must first study the basic subjects within your own understanding." (Wiesel 2) This is said without even his father being moved away from his own businesses, an indication that he was not willing to help Eliezer on his desires whether personally or by looking for a master to guide Eliezer. Despite his father’s refusal to help him, Eliezer disobeyed even his advice to first study the basic subjects before undertaking the Cabbala. Eliezer took the matter as a personal initiative and even found himself a master, Moishe the Beadle, to guide him (Wiesel 4). In the first sections of the book, we see a father-son relationship that is cold and filled with mistrust. Eliezer wanted to do so much, but the father did not support him. Many a times, he was forced to disobey and do things on his own especially on realization that his father disapproved of his religious pursuits. As father and son move from their comfortable home into the concentration camps, a sharp turn of events occur. In the new environment, dependence on trusted individuals is a treasure. There is an observable rapid development in their relationship and a closeness that was not originally there is seen. The development starts with a familial separation. The two were separated from Eliezer’s mother and sister and Eliezer, having been relatively independent of his father from the start becomes a strong

Post Project Implementation Audit; Office Move Scenario Coursework

Post Project Implementation Audit; Office Move Scenario - Coursework Example h office furniture and personal belongings was by using the Monster Movers at $ 18,500 when added to the electrical installation costs of $ 12,000 makes $ 30,500. The lower costs were to use Willies Workers while the lowest was to use the services of staff workers and the members of the choral group with obvious incentives. Assuming the project manager was rational, the method that would minimize costs was chosen, the Willies workers. The costs were literally reduced owing to an incentive by the corporate manager of a bonus of half the amount of everything saved within a budget of $30,000. The costs optimization was possible by using Calvin’ s Cartage. The ability of the mover to meet risk insurance part was catered for by their insurance cover while saving on costs by quoting $9,950 (Project smart, 2010). The new office space comfortably accommodates 32 employees bigger than the previous that only settled in 24 employees. The office space also guarantees future expansion. Mov ing warehouse, stockroom and file archives first followed by desks, office equipments the following week made sure no employee or processes were disrupted. For electrical installations, an experienced electrician, whose record is known by the company, was hired. This contractor was identified and tendered because of trusted competence in handling lighting, power, wiring and cabling needs. Besides, the contractor had crew members available any time of the week. Weekdays allowed for critical layout of office design, changes were also made to electrical power service to cater for new Local Area Network, computer systems and desktop work stations. Satisfactory placement of lighting to meet new lighting arrangement was done. Office cubicles were retained as the previous one which brought a same... The client was contented with the ability of the project manager to engage and actively involve employees in the relocation exercise. The employee work time was not interrupted hence productivity within this period was not compromised. Employees showed support to any course that would improve and sustain company’s objectives. Their acceptance for relocation meant their desire to meet employer’s objectives and goals. Owing to the fact that all the furniture and equipment transfer was done within a given time and cost frame, the client would certainly approve of the method or process used.The aspect of employee participation in the exercise motivates and inculcates sense of ownership of the relocation exercise. It was not forced down their throats. Time management: Reasonable time for the project allowed successful delivery of office equipment to the new building.

Application of Implementing QMS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Application of Implementing QMS - Essay Example Quality excellence awards across different countries can be briefed as; Europe- EFQM Excellence Model is used to determine the receiver of European Quality Award, USA- , Baldrige National Quality award is given to companies who have exceptionally performed when it comes to ensuring quality, Australia- Australian Business Excellence Awards is given to companies performed exceptionally well to improve quality of production. Research findings of various research scholars such as Van der Wiele et al. (2001) shows that quality management system or quality excellence awards emphasizes on large set quality dimensions such as risk management, ensuring diversity, performing social responsibility, sustainability of the process, resource management, environmental safety, service delivery to customers, knowledge management, good governance etc. Valls and Vergueiro (2006) defined four types of benefits which can be achieved by implementing QMS or achieving quality excellence awards such as better customer service, reduction of error in process modelling, better financial result in terms of increase both in top line & bottom line growth and enhanced learning from environment. Meeting the 8 quality criteria mentioned by ISO can also help a firm to earn excellence award, these criteria can be summarized as; 1- Customer focus- meeting or exceeding customer requirement, 2- Leadership- engaging employees and participants in internal environment to ensure quality, 3- People- optimal utilization of human resources in order to ensure 100% involvement from them, 4- Process- optimal utilization of resources in order to improve the process flow, 5- System Approach- identification and control of interrelated processes, 6- Continual Improvement- continual growth and learning of the organization, 7- Factual Decision- taking decision on the basis of facts and information and 8- Mutually Beneficial Relationship- providing benefits to suppliers and other important stakeholders (ISO, 2012). A s the study is narrowing its scope from general quality management system to quality assurance and excellence award in transportation field hence the study has decided to consider the case of Transport Certification Australia (TCA) as basal plane in the paper. Transport Certification Australia (TCA) - Overview Transport Certification Australia Limited (TCA) is founded by government agencies, territory and Australian government and representing states (Transport Certification Australia, 2013a). The company works under the Corporations Act (Cth) regulation and serves as quality assurance organization in the field of transportation in Australia. Vision TCA has the vision to serve as a leader in the field of quality advice to transportation agencies, providing accreditation & administrator services in order to improve mobility with the means of sensor solution, communication and information integration. Transport Certification Australia Limited provides the quality assurance to users wi th the help of its quality management system which specializes in identifying, delivering and deploying quality mechanism (Transport Certification Australia, 2013a). Mission When it comes to formulating a formidable and sustainable mission statement, TCA emphasizes on three verticals such as identifying quality needs, delivering quality assurance

CFO mod 1 case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CFO mod 1 case - Essay Example This is done in orderto enable them to take better developmental and progressive steps. The title is equivalent to finance director, commonly seen in the United Kingdom. The CFO typically reports to the Chief Executive Officer, and is frequently a member of the board of directors. CFO is a very diverse field. It is basically the back bone of all organizations and institutions. An effective and well equipped administrative department is what ensures that a company reaches its maximum potential and keeps growing bigger and stronger. CEO on the other hand is a field which require well educated and highly motivated, vigilant staff. CEO's are responsible for hiring all personnel, ranging from the janitorial staff, right up to the vice president of any organization. The CEO is a very vital part of the company he follows and keeps updates on all aspects of a company and its staff right from the time they apply for a job till the time they get hired. They keep checks on any and all training and development that is necessary and make all necessary amendments. The question these days has come about regarding the necessity of separate CFO and CEO. And the similar curiosity as to whether there is actual need for a separate training department or not It is also common wondering whether the role of the CFO is a specialist role or can it and should it be fulfilled by a CEO and vice versa. CFO is a very vital part of all organizations. They are responsible for the efficient and effective management of the Human capital. The main functions of CEO's are tracking the data points of each and every employee and staff member. Along with tasks such as selection, placement payroll and evaluation. In order to make a reduction in the excessive work load of these activities organizations started to employ individuals to handle these specific areas and thus there came the admistrative departments. And these days with technology at its peak these tasks are also being taken care of by automated computer based programs. Making it possible for the work of three separate organs of a company the human resource The CEO and the CFO to be done by one person that too with the click of a mouse key. This is the reason that the questions stated earlier regarding the need for separate individuals have started coming up. CONCLUSION: However like it has been mentioned above that both roles are very different from one another and there fore to think that they can be done by one person is not a wise thing. The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of an organization has responsibilities that include internal financial control of the organization, financial reporting (external financial accounting), financing the organization, assessment of the capital budgeting process and an array of additional responsibilities. The CFO must have an external orientation and they must know all ways in which they can gather knowledge about the market with which their company deals and also the kind of investments the investors and share holders are making in order to give proper advice for future investments. There

Software Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Software Design - Essay Example The software architecture in place will determine the easiness of change. In as much these â€Å"forgotten problems† are crucial to be addressed, the software development principles have other factors that also need to be addressed. These are the performance, availability, maintainability, security, costs, benefits and schedule. Thus, it is more valuable to achieve a balance rather than focus on only one aspect which in the â€Å"forgotten problems† is the usability factor. The Software architecture is the representation of the software development. It lists all the key modules, their responsibilities, and interactions. It has various representations. It is essential as a good architecture would reduce development time, maintenance costs and improve the quality of product. How does software architecture interact with usability? This can be understood via enumerating all the phases in software development. These are; system formulation, requirement definition, architecture design, detailed design, implementation, system test and deployment. Each of these chapters is critical, and there exist a high level of interactions. The development cycle in place will dictate the level of interactions between these phases. These methodologies are; waterfall cycle, spiral circle, extreme programming and HCI cycle. The feedback mechanisms in these methodologies will show how effective a method is. (Smith & Williams, 2003). The idea is to come up with an architectural pattern that best achieves usability factors. Various patterns can be applied. The Model view controller displays the module responsibilities and their interactions. A good model view controller shows productive interactions. It hides the unwanted aspects of the user interface from the remainder of the application. It provides a means of buffering changes in the user interface from the remainder of the application. It localizes the â€Å"screen-deep† changes to either the

Microwave and Photonics Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Microwave and Photonics Systems - Essay Example This results in significantly reduced complexity of the Remote Antenna Unit, as the major portion of the processing is avoided, at least at the regional unit level and only optoelectronic conversion and amplification of the converted signal is necessary. 2) Estimate a difference in roundtrip time for data transmission between Tokyo and San Francisco (distance: 8270 km) as for the following two communication methods; radio-wave (wireless) communication using a geostationary satellite, and fiber-optic communication. Assume that a refractive index for the air is 1, and that of the optical fiber is 1.5. Distance between the earth and the satellite is 38,800 km. Impedance matching in a circuit comprised of linear devices is defined as the process of making the output impedance of the source equal to the input impedance of the load, in order to maximize the power transfer from source to load and thereby minimize reflections from the load end. This results in increased efficiency. In the context of radio and fiber optics systems, where the wavelength of the transmitted signal is very much less in comparison to the length of the line, ie, where the changes in the signal are rapid compared to the time of propagation, the impedances at each end of the line must be matched to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line to prevent reflections of the signal at the ends of the line. Otherwise, echoes may occur and cause the formation of standing waves in the transmission line. In radio-frequency (RF) systems, a common type of RF load used is a quarter-wave ground plane antenna using a modified ground plane or a matching network. 4) Explain one example of representative antennas which are used in our radio wave(wireless) systems such as cellular phones, wireless LANs, etc, with respect to its type and operation. Ans) Consider a microstrip antenna as an example. A microstrip antenna gains its name from the fact that it is structurally a simple metallic strip of desired shape suspended over a ground plane. The strip may be flush mounted onto a dielectric or other surface. The feed line is placed behind the ground plane (Prasad 809). They are simple to fabricate and easy to modify and customize. The microstrip patch antenna is the most common type of microstrip antenna. It is a narrowband, wide-beam antenna with an inherent ability to have polarization diversity. These antennas can easily be designed to have Vertical, Horizontal, Right Hand Circular or Left Hand

Software Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Software Design - Essay Example The software architecture in place will determine the easiness of change. In as much these â€Å"forgotten problems† are crucial to be addressed, the software development principles have other factors that also need to be addressed. These are the performance, availability, maintainability, security, costs, benefits and schedule. Thus, it is more valuable to achieve a balance rather than focus on only one aspect which in the â€Å"forgotten problems† is the usability factor. The Software architecture is the representation of the software development. It lists all the key modules, their responsibilities, and interactions. It has various representations. It is essential as a good architecture would reduce development time, maintenance costs and improve the quality of product. How does software architecture interact with usability? This can be understood via enumerating all the phases in software development. These are; system formulation, requirement definition, architecture design, detailed design, implementation, system test and deployment. Each of these chapters is critical, and there exist a high level of interactions. The development cycle in place will dictate the level of interactions between these phases. These methodologies are; waterfall cycle, spiral circle, extreme programming and HCI cycle. The feedback mechanisms in these methodologies will show how effective a method is. (Smith & Williams, 2003). The idea is to come up with an architectural pattern that best achieves usability factors. Various patterns can be applied. The Model view controller displays the module responsibilities and their interactions. A good model view controller shows productive interactions. It hides the unwanted aspects of the user interface from the remainder of the application. It provides a means of buffering changes in the user interface from the remainder of the application. It localizes the â€Å"screen-deep† changes to either the

Ancient Commerce in China Essay Example for Free

Ancient Commerce in China Essay 1- The route The Silk Road, or Silk Route, is the most famous and important historically trading route of ancient Chinese civilization. This historical network of interlinking, with more than 4000 miles, between East, South, Western Asia with the Mediterranean and European world, as well as parts of North and East Africa began to be used under the Han Dynasty (202 BC – AD 220). Originally, the Chinese trade silk occurred internally within the empire, but the caravans were often attacked by central Asian tribes, hoping to find some valuable commodities. In order to protect these caravans, the Han Dynasty extended its military defenses further into Central Asia. Later came the idea to expand the silk trade to central Asia. Silk Road extension: The land routes are red, and the water routes are blue Source: http://en.wikipedia.org 2- Name and Purpose The Silk Road gets its name from the lucrative Chinese silk trade that was the major reason to sustain the route for so wide area. Some scholars prefer the term â€Å"Silk Routes† because of the several network of routes existed there. Trading silk was not the only purpose of the Silk Road, many other commodities were also traded. In addition to silk the route carried other precious goods like gold and other precious metals, ivory, precious stones and glass, exotic animals and plants were trade as well. Indeed the silk was the most remarkable goods, mainly among the Romans, it became very popular in Rome for its soft texture and attractiveness making the Romans sees the route mainly as a Silk Route. Although this fact, the name â€Å"Silk Road† originated in the nineteenth century, coined by the German scholar, von Richthofen. 3- Routes The intercontinental Silk Road had two different overland routes bypassing the Taklimakan Desert and Lop Nur. The northern route started at Changan (now called Xian), the capital of the ancient Chinese Kingdom, which, in the Later Han, was moved further east to Luoyang. The route was defined about the 1st century BCE as Han Wudi put an end to harassment by nomadic tribes The southern route was mainly a single route running from China, through the Karakoram, where it persists to modern times as the international paved road connecting Pakistan and China as the Karakoram Highway. It then set off westwards, but with southward spurs enabling the journey to be completed by sea from various points. Crossing the high mountains, it passed through northern Pakistan, over the Hindu Kush mountains, and into Afghanistan, rejoining the northern route near Merv. From there, it followed a nearly straight line west through mountainous northern Iran, Mesopotamia and the northern tip of the Syrian Desert to the Levant, where Mediterranean trading ships plied regular routes to Italy, while land routes went either north through Anatolia or south to North Africa. Another branch road traveled from Herat through Susa to Charax Spasinu at the head of the Persian Gulf and across to Petra and on to Alexandria and other eastern Mediterranean ports from where ships carried the cargoes to Rome. The Silk Road in the 1st century Source: http://en.wikipedia.org 4- Mongol Age In central Asia, Islam expanded from the 7th century onward, bringing a stop to Chinese westward expansion at the Battle of Talas in 751. Further expansion of the Islamic Turks in Central Asia from the 10th century finished disrupting trade in that part of the world. For a long time during the Middle Ages, the Islamic Caliphate often had a monopoly over much of the trade conducted across the route. Under the command of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire rapidly proceeded to conquer a huge region of Asia, the Mongol expansion throughout the Asian continent from around 1207 to 1360 helped to bring political and stability and re-establish the Silk Road. The partial unification of so many states under the Mongol Empire allowed a significant interaction between cultures of different regions. The trading started to happen again and the route became important as path for communication between different parts of the Empire once more. The Mongols, in general, were more open to ideas, more sympathetic to different religions and nationalities promoting the trading. Around 1288, the Venetian explorer Marco Polo became one of the first Europeans to travel the Silk Road to China, he was not the first, however, the most well known and best documented visitor. In his tales, The Travels of Marco Polo, he describes the way of life in the cities and small kingdoms through which his party passed, with particular interest on the trade and marriage customs, opening the western eyes to some of the customs of the Far East. 5- The Peak, Decline and the Sea Route In seventh century, the Silk Route had its height of importance at this time during the Tang dynasty China was a living a relative stability after the divisions of the earlier dynasties since the Han. The art and civilization of the Silk Road achieved its highest poin in the Tang Dynasty. Changan, as the starting point of the route, as well as the capital of the dynasty, developed into one of the largest and most cosmopolitan cities of the time. By 742 A.D its population reached almost two million people and in 754 A.D it had around five thousand foreigners living in the city. During the Mongol Empire as mentioned before, the route established a new good period but despite the presence of the Mongols, the route never reached the heights that it did in the Tang dynasty. Furthermore, with the disintegration of the Mongol empire, that was fairly short-lived, the barriers rose again on the land route between East and West. After the Mongol Empire, the control of the Silk Road became economically and culturally separated. The demise of the Silk Road developed the Silk Route by sea at that time it was becoming easier and safer to transport goods by water than overland (Later however, the sea route suffered a lot of problems like bad weather and pirates). Beside this the sea route passed by promising new markets in Southern Asia at that time. The commerce with China and Asia at that time was very profitable and this situation is significantly important in explaining several factors about the present economy. It was the main driving factor for the Portuguese, and later Europeans, explorations of the Indian Ocean, including the sea of China. 6- Nowadays The last link along the Silk Road was completed in 1990, when the railway connecting Lanzhou to Urumchi was extended to the border with Kazakhstan, providing an important route to the new republics and beyond. Beside this the trade route itself is also being reopened, trading between the peoples of Xinjiang and Russia has developed quickly. The new republics in Central Asia have been contributing much of the heavy industry of the region. Trade with China has also utilized the route it was encouraged by the socialist market economy and its benefits to the market. 7- Conclusion The Silk Road played a key role in the development of the ancient economy in Asia, especially in China, In China it was the main responsible to significantly increase the number of foreign merchants present in China under the Han Dynasty and exposing the Chinese and visitors to their country to different cultures and religions. Buddhism spread from India to China because of trade along the Silk Route. This route was very important in foreign trade, during all history of civilization in the last 1200 years, placing China and India, and all East Asia, in a major role for contact with the western world in a time when this region was isolated by deserts and oceans. During the Mongol Empire, based on the Mongol’s idea of liberty about different religions and cultures, once more, the route had a very important role in the foreign trade and culture exchange between Asia countries and some countries of Europe and Africa as well. Later, the great population and the varieties of products attracted the European interest (economic center of the world at that time), by sea several expeditions in order to explore the commerce in that region change the course of the world, affecting the Americas and Africa as well Asia, being decisive in the current political, economic and social aspects of several countries in these continents.

Market Segmentation Toyota Consumer Buying Decision Process Hilux Marketing Essay

Market Segmentation Toyota Consumer Buying Decision Process Hilux Marketing Essay Market Segmentation of Toyota and Consumer Buying Decision Process for Hilux Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) is a widely recognised car manufacturer in Malaysia and around the world. Currently, Toyota is the top carmaker in the world, beating their closest rivals, General Motors in both production numbers and sales. Even though the major markets of Toyota are in the United States and Japan, they exert no less influence in the Malaysian market, holding a large portion of market share. Let us now take a look at how Toyota segments their target market in Malaysia. The purpose of market segmentation is to divide the general market needs into smaller defined groups. Toyota has come up with a variety of models to tend to the needs of Malaysians. The models released in Malaysia are Camry, Vios, Hilux, Avanza, Innova and Fortuner just to name a few. These different models aim to capture different levels of income of consumers. One of the segments that Toyota aims to attract is the middle to high income earning group. Toyota provides its customers with a broad range of prices for both middle income and high income earners. Middle income customers are able to afford the lower range Avanza and Vios which are within the RM70,000 range while high income earners can go for the more luxurious Camry and Fortuner of which can cost within the range of RM140,000 to RM170,000. Aside from income, Toyota also targets consumers who live a luxurious lifestyle. Lexus is a luxury car division under Toyota. Lexus sets itself apart from its competitors by offering high quality luxury cars at lower prices. Lexus models that can be found in Malaysia include the LS 460, IS 250, GS 300 and RX350. Instead of the classic Mercedes Benz and BMW, drivers can now feel as luxurious and classy driving a Lexus car which cost less. A more affordable Lexus car also allows lesser earning drivers who always dreamed of driving a luxury car to realise their dream, bringing in more customers. Another segment that Toyota targets is geographic needs. Malaysia is a tropical country with lush rainforests and there is a need for reliable four wheel drives to traverse them. Therefore, Toyota has designed several 4X4 vehicles meant for off road travels. The vehicles currently sold in Malaysia are the Fortuner, Hilux and Rush. These four wheel drives work well on tough terrain and has been proven to be durable under the worst of conditions, thus satisfying the needs of consumers as well as capturing market share. Next, we will be evaluating the buying decision process of consumers for a renowned Toyota product, the Hilux. Buying decision process is a series of steps that a buyer would experience as he/she buys a product. This process mainly comprises of awareness of unsatisfied need, a search for information, comparing alternatives, buying the selected product and finally evaluating the product after purchase. A driver who frequently drives off road on rough terrain knows that it is difficult to find a reliable 4X4 that would carry them through the steepest of slopes and dense pools of mud. Jungle four wheel drive expeditions also frequently find themselves in need of a powerful machine to pull other four wheel drives out of a sticky situation. This brings about awareness to find the solution to these problems and births an unsatisfied need. The next step for the drivers is to look for the answer to their need. Information is vital to the decision buying process as it gives buyers insight on the product and influences their decision to purchase it. Nowadays, buyers can find information easily through the internet and on brochures which are freely available. These sources also provide very detailed specifications to the product that they are looking for. Alternatively, buyers can also visit Toyota showrooms to have a firsthand look and experience of the product, together with precise details from a salesperson. In the same way, buyers would search and compare the various alternatives available to them. For the Hilux, there are a number of similar four wheel drives that buyers would consider. Among them are Mitsubishi Triton, Nissan Navara and Isuzu D-Max. All these alternatives share similar design and function but all have their own unique specifications in which will critically affect the buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision. After considering all the alternatives available to the buyer, he/she will finally buy the selected product, the Toyota Hilux. The purchasing process begins with the buyer going to a Toyota showroom to discuss terms with the salesperson. The buyer then settles the down payment and decides on the mode of payment. The brand new Hilux will then be delivered to the buyer. Finally, the buyer receives the car and fulfils his/her need. The buyer then starts to drive the Hilux and evaluates its performance. From there, he/she will measure the satisfaction of driving the four wheel drive and whether it has achieved the need that it was purchased for. If the buyer is satisfied with the product, the cycle starts again or he/she will introduce it to his/her friends. In conclusion, Toyota has identified their target market in more detail through market segmentation. This has helped them market their products more efficiently and made them the top car maker in the world. The buying decision process has also helped to understand consumers and their behaviour better in order to stay ahead of competitors.

Television Programs :: Personal Narrative Media Entertainment Essays

Television Programs Nature. PBS. 2004. Orangutans: Just Hangin’ On. When I was nine years old, my family lived in Ayer, Massachusetts. I was sad to leave my friends in Colorado behind, but luckily lived on a street with a lot of other kids that I became fast friends with. There was a military base located in the town, so it was not unusual for new transplants to come in and out of the school throughout the school year. My teacher was fantastic and helped me catch up when it was clearly evident that this school was way ahead of mine back home. Soon I became one of the top students in my class and had made a best friend in the girl across the street. I began to become accustomed to my quaint small town, with the candy store that still sold nickel candies. There was a bookstore that didn't mind if you read the magazines without paying for them, just as long as your fingers were not sticky from your nickel candy. It was one of those wonderful carefree days as a kid that my whole world changed. I had received a scooter for my birthday and rode up and down the streets with my friends on their bikes after school. The next street over from mine had a long winding hill that the daredevil bike riders liked to coast down at what seemed at the time to be as fast as a car. After riding around my much more level street, my friends became bored and wanted to test it out. I was not the most balanced of creatures on my scooter, and I wimped out. We decided that they would go down the hill and then meet me back at the old school that was next to a large field across the street from my house. The school was from the nineteenth century. There had been a fire there that shut the school down, but amazingly had not caused any structural damage to the outside. It was deemed an historic building so it remained preserved. It was kind of creepy to look in to its abandoned insides, but there was a large asphalt lot behind it and the field next to it, so the former playgrounds received a lot of attention from the kids in the neighborhood. I rode my scooter down towards the back of the school to where a basketball hoop stood and leaned my scooter against the chain link fence.

The Scarlet Letter Essay -- Literature

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is a great piece of literature. It explores problems in society that still occur today. It is fascinating to see how the Puritans punished adultery then and the lack of punishment of adultery in our society now. It shows how all the characters affect Hester and what everyone does in the community. It shows that no one is exempt from any type of crime in that town. In Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, he analyzes the characters of Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale and Pearl. One of the main characters in The Scarlet Letter is Hester Prynne. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester is described as â€Å"a comely woman whose pride sustains her through her punishment and for all the years of her life† (Overview: Characters). She is tall, has dark hair and her attire showed the attitude of her spirit (Hawthorne 51). She has a husband, Roger Prynne, whom she did not love. Before she got married, she was a strong-willed and eager young woman. Her husband, Prynne, has sent her to America and he was to arrive later. When he never arrived in Boston, she assumed he was lost at sea (SparkNotes). At the beginning of the book Prynne is walking out of the prison holding her daughter, Pearl, with the scarlet letter â€Å"A† embroidered on her clothing (Hawthorne 51-52). She wears the scarlet letter as a punishment and her secrecy to her lover. Her husband is in the crowd, and is living in Boston for revenge on her lover (Sparknotes). Hester is being charged with adultery. Her sentence is one that could be used for a much lesser crime (Korobkin). She is then kicked out of town and is forced to live on the outskirts of Boston in a small cottage (Hawthorne 62). Dimmesdale is the â€Å"judge† in Hester’s case. When Governor Bellingh... ...es from Gale. Web. 12 Jan. 2012. Milliman, Craig A. "Hawthorne's 'The Scarlet Letter.' (Nathaniel Hawthorne)." The Explicator 53.2 (1995): 83+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 15 Mar. 2012. Pimple, Kenneth D. "'Subtle, but remorseful hypocrite': Dimmesdale's Moral Character." Studies in the Novel 25.3 (Fall 1993): 257-271. Rpt. in Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Jessica Bomarito and Russel Whitaker. Vol. 158. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Literature Resource Center. Web. 14 Mar. 2012. Pringle, Michael. "The Scarlet Lever: Hester's Civil Disobedience." ESQ: A Journal of the American Renaissance 53.1 (2007): 31-55. Rpt. in Children's Literature Review. Ed. Dana Ferguson. Vol. 163. Detroit: Gale, 2011. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 12 Jan. 2012. SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on The Scarlet Letter.† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2003. Web. 1 Feb. 2012

Examining Ethnic Differences in Achievemen Essay

1. The definition of an ethnic group is a group of people of the same race or nationality that share the same cultural norms and values. 2. Three ways in which the education system may encourage separation between children of different ethnic backgrounds are: Labelling and teacher racism, many teachers label their students and studies by interactionist sociologists found out that many teachers labelled black children as disruptive and they didn’t want them in their class. Another reason is the ethnocentric curriculum. Troyna and Williams describe the curriculum in British schools as ethnocentric because it gives priority to white culture and the English language; this causes separation between white pupils and other ethnic pupils. A final reason is the selection and segregation available to schools. David Gillborn argues that marketization has given schools greater scope to select pupils. This puts some ethnic minority pupils at a disadvantage because selection gives more scope for negative stereotypes to influence decisions about school admissions. 3. There are many ways in which factors in children’s home background may lead to differences in achievement levels between ethnic groups. The first way is cultural deprivation; this is split into 3 aspects. The first is intellectual and linguistic skills. Cultural deprivation theorists argue that many children from low-income black families lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences. Bereiter and Engelmann consider the language spoken by low-income black American families as inadequate for educational success. The next aspect is attitudes and values. Cultural deprivation theorists say that some black children are socialised into a subculture that instils a fatalistic ‘live for toady’ attitude that does not value education and leaves them unequipped for success. The final aspect of cultural deprivation is family structure and parental support. Daniel Moynihan argues that because many black families are headed by a lone mother, their children are deprived of adequate care because she has to struggle financially in the absence of a male breadwinner. Also Ken Pryce claims that Asians are higher achievers because their cukture is more resistant to racism and gives them a greater sense of self-worth. However, he argues, black Caribbean culture is less cohesive and less resistant to racism. As a result, many balck pupils have low self-esteem and under-achieve. Another reason is Material deprivation and class. According to Flaherty; Pakistani’s and Bangladeshis are over three times more likely than whites to be in the poorest fifth of the population, as a result statistics show that Pakistani and Bangladeshi boys are among the lowest ethnic groups in the country to obtain 5 A-C GCSE’s. A final reason is racism in wider society. David Mason says â€Å" discrimination is a continuing and persistent feature of the experience of Britain’s citizens of minority ethnic origin. † 4. The differences in educational attainment between different groups of pupils have been a major focus of much sociological research. These differences can often be seen to be largely due to different social class, but also gender or ethnicity. Social class is the most significant and dominant factor when looking at these differences, but ethnicity also has a relative impact on educational achievementÃ'Ž Education has a key role to play in eradicating racism and valuing diversity and it a responsibility for all educational establishments, including those with few or no ethnic minority pupils. Promoting racial equality demands a whole school approach and commitment from all those who are involved in the life and work of their school. Racism is linked to the educational achievement of minority ethnic groups, however the connections are complex. Gilborn and Mirza conclude that ‘social class and gender differences are also associated with differences in attainment but neither can account for persistent underlying ethnic inequalities: comparing like with like, African Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi pupils do not enjoy equal opportunities. ’ They also argue that in promoting educational inclusion as a means of raising standards, there is a need ‘for clarity and guidance in translating the commitment to equality and inclusion into policy proposals and practice at the local and school level. Many cultural deprivation theorists see the lack of intellectual and linguistic skills as a major cause of under-achievement. Gordon Bowker identifies their lack of standard English as a major barrier to progress in education and integration into wider society. However the Swann Report found that language was not a major factor in under-achievement. Other cultural deprivation theorists suc as Charles Murray argue that a high rate of lone parenthood and a lack of positive male role models lead to the under-achievement of some minorities. Also Anthony Flew believes that ethnic differences in achievement stem from cultural differences outside the education system, not discrimination within it. However Geoffrey Driver criticises the cultural deprivation theory for ignoring the positive effects of ethnicity on achievement. He shows that the black Caribbean family, far from being dysfunctional, provides girls with positive role models of strong independent wome Driver argues this is why black girls tend to be more successful in education than black boys. Some socilogists that the ethnic differences in education are cause by racism. John Rex shows how racial discrimination leads to social exclusion and how this worsens the poverty faced by ethnic minorities. In housing, for instance, discrimination means that minorities are more likely to be forced into substandard acoomodation than white people of the same class. This creates separation due to the ethnic children not being able to study at home and therefore getting lower grades than the white children who are able to study at home.

Motivational Methods Hcs 325

Motivational Methods There are various motivational methods that are used in the workplace. There are three motivation theories; equity theory, expectancy theory, and goal-setting theory. In an organization, motivational methods are used to improve and prepare staff members for implementation of new policies. Motivational success depends on what methods are used and what the exact motivation is. One theory of motivation is equity theory. The essence of the theory is that perceived inequity is a motivating state—that is, when people believe that they have been inequitably treated in comparison to others, they will try to eliminate the discomfort and restore a sense of equity to the situation† (Lombardi, 2007, p. 284) . In an organization, not everyone will get along; there will be disagreements and even arguments. When a worker is dissatisfied with their job they will become less interested and invested in it. They will not work as hard as they once did which affects the team as a whole. A worker may even quit or be transferred if they perceive inequity (Lombardi, 2007, p. 84). A way for a supervisor to correct this situation is to communicate the intended value of rewards given, by doing so; the worker feels like it is less of a competition and will strive toward the goal of getting a raise or promotion. â€Å"Social science research suggests that people are most likely to internalize norms when they feel autonomous, competent, and related to others† (Bartlett, 2009, p. 1895). An important goal is for an employee to feel like they are an important part of the team. The expectancy theory is based on the question: â€Å"What determines the willingness of an individual to work hard at tasks important to the organization? (Lombardi, 2007, p. 284). If an organization is preparing for a change in policy, the supervisor must get their staff prepared for the change. In most cases, the workers feel fine with the policy they currently have and are re luctant for change because it disrupts work patterns for a while. The supervisor should let their team know of the importance of the change as well as take small steps to build up to the impending change. With the ever changing workforce characteristics such as age of the average worker, and workers waiting longer to retire, there is a great range of workers and with that, a greater range of needs. Changing workforce characteristic may impact the effectiveness of pay, reward, and recognition systems if demographic-based generational differences in the workforce translate into norms at expectations and motivation† (McGinley & Meese, 2011, p. 82). A way to motivate workers with this theory is for the supervisor to clearly link effort and performance, link performance to work outcomes, and choosing work outcomes valued by the individual† (Lombardi, 2007, p. 285). When an organization needs its departmental supervisors to prepare staff for change, the expectancy theory can b e used to motivate workers.For example, if a department is going under a new policy, the workers in that department will have to adapt, a way to ensure a smooth adaptation is for the supervisor to set goals and expectations that need to be reached as well as provide rewards for those who follow protocol on a regular basis and explain what the rewards are and their criteria beforehand. Positive reinforcement will increase the frequency of desirable behavior by making pleasant consequence contingent on its occurrence (Lombardi, 2007, p. 88). The goal-setting theory â€Å"is that task goals can be highly motivating if they are properly set and if they are well managed† (Lombardi, 2007, p. 285). For the goal-setting theory to work, supervisors and team members must work together to set the right goals in the right ways (Lombardi, 2007, p. 285). In the case of preparing for change, the goals should be to have a smooth transition, in order for this to happen, everyone must work tog ether. It cannot be just one person pushing the others to reach a goal.If the supervisor want to make their staff feel competent and capable of doing a good job they will have to â€Å"select workers with ability, train workers to use ability, support work efforts, and clarify performance jobs† (Lombardi, 2007, p. 286). When goals are specifically set there is a greater outcome for success. For example, in a wound care facility a goal for one worker is to complete inventory in 45 minutes twice a day; the worker will have a clear understanding of what is expected of them rather than the supervisor to tell the worker â€Å"get the inventory done today†.Rewarding the accomplishment of a worker will reinforce good work ethic and ensure greater outcomes in the future. When an organization wants to make changes, it affects everyone, from the top to the bottom. In order for the changes to be implemented in an effective manner, motivation among staff is needed. Providing posit ive reinforcement when a task is continuously done correctly can ensure that the task will continue to be done correctly. Implementing any one of the three motivational methods discussed will make any change a smoother transition.Keeping workers motivated to do their job will increase productivity and provide better outcomes for the organization. References Bartlett, K. T. (2009). Making good on good intentions: The critical role on motivation in reducing implicit workplace discrimination. Virginia Law Review, 95(8), 1893-1972. Lombardi, D. J. , Schermerhorn, J. R. , & Kramer, B. (2007). Health Care Management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. McGinley, J. , & Meese, T. (2011, March). Intelligence Community Assessment: Generational differences in workplace motivation. American Intelligence Journal

Business Need Business Communication Skills Essay

BUSINESS NEED BUSINESS COMMUNICATION SKILLS * BASICS OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION – Communication skills have emerged as the most powerful set of skills to possess for accelerating ones career trajectory and speed of accomplishment in every walk of life. To prepare yourselves for a rewarding career in the broad field of management, it is even more essential to acquire, practice and exhibit high levels of communication skills in normal and crisis situations. Effective communication skills provide the ladder to the managers and leaders for rapid progression in their careers. Business communication is the sending and receiving of verbal and non verbal messages within the organizational context (Roebuck, 2001; Over, 2001; Murphy, Hildebrandt, & Thomas, 1997). Hanna and Wilson (1998) expanded on this definition, indicating business communication is a process of generating, transmitting, receiving, and interpreting messages in interpersonal, group, public, and mass communication contexts through written and verbal formats. Hynes (2005) stated effective business communicat ion is the key to planning, leading, organizing, and controlling the resources of the organizations to achieve objectives, and may be formal or informal in nature. Argenti (2007) discussed business communication functional aspects and found that over half of the heads of corporate communication departments oversee business communications functions that include media relations, online communications, marketing, special events, product/brand communications, crisis management, employee/internal communications, community relations, and product/brand advertising. The expanse and importance of business communication underscores the need for business education and business to collaborate in preparing business majors for the workplace. It is widely accepted that business management and business educators perceive communication skills as highly valuable to employees and organizations alike. In business organizations, numerous sources have reported that communication skills are critical to career success and a significant contributor to organizational success (Du-Babcock, 2006; Roebuck, 2001; Certo, 2000; Dilenschneider, 1992; Rushkoff, 1999). In academia, research  has shown faculty and administrators perceive that communication skills are very important to students’ eventual career success (National Association of Colleges and Employers, 2001; Gray, 2010). Despite the agreement in business regarding the importance of communication skills, evidence exists that long-term employees and those just entering the work force from college still lack these skills. Pearce, Johnson, and Barker (1995) reported fair to poor (the lowest two categories on a 5- point scale) communication and listening skills of managers and employees. Fordham and Gabbin (1996) interviewed 84 business executives and concluded that business students with apprehension about communicating are less likely to practice the communication and, therefore, are less likely to develop communication skills. * Objectives * Scope of Communication * Types of Communication * Significance of Communication Skills * Communication Process * Process at Communicators‟ End * Process at Communicates‟ End * Communication Model * OBJECTIVE – After perusing this unit, students should be able to: 1. Appreciate the vast scope of communication in modern world 2. Distinguish between the process of communication and exercise of power 3. Understand that one-way flow of information is a part of the overall process of communication 4. Identify different types of communications 5. Grasp the importance of communication skills in the life of an individual and enterprise 6. Recount the dividends that accrue from acquiring effective communication skills 7. Understand the sources that lead to multiple interpretations of oral and written communication * SCOPE OF COMMUNICATION – Communication as a subject of study has a very vast canvas. To different people, communication implies various areas of study, research and application: (1) It is a means of transportation from one place to another viz., moving men, machines, materials etc by surface transport like railways, roadways or by air or by sea. It is not uncommon to describe a region or a country backward in terms of means of communication because it is not serviced or well connected by railways, roadways, airways or seaways. (2) It also relates to means of sending / receiving messages, packets or parcels through post, telephone, telegram, radio, wireless or Internet. These means of communications have undergone rapid changes during the last few decades. Postal services have been revolutionized by courier services – same-day delivery, next-day delivery etc. Telephone services have become commonplace – one can talk to a person anywhere even one orbiting in a satellite without shouting. The mobile telephony and use of Internet has changed the way people talk and communicate with one another. They are changing the way business is done. (3) Communication is a major focus of attention for artists – singers, dancers, actors, painters, sculptors etc are all trying to communicate with their audiences. They Endeavour to win their attention and appreciation so as to secure attractive returns for their efforts. In managerial or business context, it is the science and art of communicating. Etymologically, communication as a word is derived from the word „common‟ in English or „Communis‟ from Latin. It means „shared by‟ or „concerning all‟. Thus communication is a process of „influencing others‟ to achieve common, shared objectives. These goals could be that of individuals, families, teams, departments functions and companies. Communication has emerged as a very powerful personal skill that individuals must acquire to be able to perform their duties and become efficient managers and effective 1. Communication and Power – Communication is also the most powerful input resource in an enterprise. The various resources, just to recount, are as below: 1 Men 2 Money 3 Materials 4 Machines 5 Methods 6 Management 7 Measurement 8 Message covering both information and communication flows 9 Motive Power 10 Motivational Leadership Messaging has emerged as the most important resource for, without it, nothing can be transacted anywhere. It is the lifeline of any society. It is the glue that holds companies, communities and countries together. There is another process that is also used to influence others – it is the use of authority or power. They say if person has power it shows because it quickly shows his influence or hold on others‟ opinion. However, it must be understood in its proper perspective. Power has been described as „a process of influencing others to do some thing that, left to themselves, they will not do‟. This process is, then, quite different from that of communication where we influence others as equals – members of the family, members of the inter-departmental teams or customers or fellow members of an association. The process of communication is greatly dependent on the skill of individuals who, as equal members, are in a position to influence others so as to compel, propel or impel them to work together to achieve common goals! (2) Communication as a two-way process Communication is a complete process – it starts with communicators sending messages to receivers, the „communicatees‟. An experienced sender of message, whether oral or written, would think of the audience as his customer. He would try to gauge or guess the kind of level of communication the receiver is comfortable with. Thereafter, he would craft his message in a manner and in the language, words, phrases and idioms that the receiver is familiar with. Each receiver of message is really a customer whose needs and wants should be as well known to the sender as it happens in a market place. Obviously, like the sender who chooses words, phrases and idioms from his vocabulary depending on own learning, experience and exposure, receiver also has his own mental filter that is the product of his learning, experience and exposure. To absorb the message in his mind, he does the abstraction of the message in to words, phrases and idioms that he is familiar with or has command over. This leads to his formulating his response to the message received. Once again, it goes through the mind filter and ultimately comes out of the communicatee and starts its return journey to the sender of the message. It conveys back what is understood by the receiver. A sensitive speaker is able to judge the reaction of his audience from the gestures, sounds and expressions of the audience – the way they sit, the way they yawn or the way they twitter their fingers etc. It is thus a complete cycle because it is a two way process. Until the full process has been gone through the process of communication is considered to be incomplete. (3) Information as a one-way process Information flow is another related process. Information is knowledge; it comes from the processing of raw data which records the events as they take place in every miniscule of an organization or an institution. Knowledge is power. The flow of information is considered to be an extremely powerful tool at the disposal of men at all levels of a business enterprise. However, difference between communication and information flows must be understood clearly. Whereas communication is a two way process, information is a one-way process. It is, therefore, half of the process. Yet it is used  very extensively in organizations. As businesses grow in size, complexity and dynamics, it is very difficult to ensure two way process all the time. Much of the time, information flows one way – downwards, upwards or horizontal along formal lines of command. These lines of command become the channels of information flows and serve as the cornerstones of communication, coordination and control. 2. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION Communication can be classified as below: Communication Verbal Non-verbal Communication ommunication Oral Written Body Language Communication Communication 3. SIGNIFICANCE OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION SKILLS – Conversing and corresponding with people around is such a common activity that most of individuals are so pre-occupied with their daily routine that they do not stop and ponder over the immense advantages that business enterprises can derive from mastering the art and science of communication. Following payoffs are only suggestive: 1. Internal communication – Before the end of nineteenth century, businesses were small; they started growing in size from the beginning of twentieth century. Contemporary business enterprises are very large and have not only become multinational but also transnational in character. Besides, they have grown in complexity in terms of a wide array of products and services they deal in and the number of countries and  continents they are operating in. Also, arising from liberalizing of many national economies, global competition has intensified and the rate of change in market place has accelerated. Market forces have also become very dynamic, almost verging on chaos. 2. External communication – As a business enterprise in the modern society, it has to interact, pro-act or react to happenings in other institutions viz. 1 Government bodies, statutory / regulatory agencies, municipal authorities etc 2 Distributors, dealers and retailers 3 Customers, community and society at large 4. Communication skills as vital job requirement- Human beings are communicating all the time. Ability to express powerfully and influence the attitude and behavior of people for giving better performance on their jobs, has emerged as a job skill of critical importance for managers / leaders at all levels of management. Thus all employees are expected to: 1 Write good correspondence 2 Be good in oral conversation 3 Develop and cultivate powerful body language 4 Be able to sell ideas and products effectively 5 Be very good in weaning away customers from competitor and retaining them It is now increasingly understood that even specialists like accountants, engineers, technicians etc should have good communication skills. In the present day knowledge society, competitive advantage of acquiring excellent communication skills cannot and perhaps need not be emphasized! * Communication skills essential for promotion – Communication skills have emerged as the most critical prerequisite for  promotion to senior executive positions in the industry. Consequently, managers at lower rungs of organizations should also have good command over the spoken and written language of the business. As a general rule, managers should have the ability to make their communications heard, read or understood. * COMMUNICATION PROCESS – * In order to develop a deep understanding of the subject of communication, it is important that everyone understands the complete process of communication. Broadly, it has two parts: * Process at communicator end (Senders‟ Part) * Process at communications end (Receivers‟ Part) A GOOD DEBTOR IS A GOOD COMMUNICATOR Definition: Debtor is an expression used in the accounting world to specify a party who owes money to a company or individual. A debtor can be an entity, a company or a person of a legal nature that owes money to someone else – your business for example. If you have one or more debtors, that makes you a creditor. To put it simply, the debtor-creditor relationship is complimentary to the customer-supplier relationship. Definition: a person who communicates, especially one skilled at Conveying information, ideas, or policy to the public. a person in the business of communications, as television ormagazine publishing. Definition In this division, â€Å"collector† means a person, whether in British Columbia or not, who is collecting or attempting to collect a debt. Harassment (1) A collector must not communicate or attempt to communicate with a debtor, a member of the debtor’s family or household, a relative, neighbour, friend or acquaintance of the debtor, or the debtor’s employer in a manner or with a frequency as to constitute harassment. (2) Without limiting subsection (1), one or more of the following constitutes harassment: (a) using threatening, profane, intimidating or coercive language; (b) exerting undue, excessive or unreasonable pressure; (c) publishing or threatening to publish a debtor’s failure to pay. Disclosure to debtor (1) A collector must not attempt to collect payment of a debt from a debtor until the collector has notified the debtor in writing or the collector has made a reasonable attempt to notify the debtor in writing of (a) the name of the creditor with whom the debt was incurred, (b) the amount of the debt, and (c) the identity and authority of the collector to collect the debt from the debtor. (2) A collector must not initiate verbal communication with a debtor with respect to the collection of a debt until 5 days after the collector has sent to the debtor the written notice referred to in subsection (1). (3) If a debtor informs the collector that the debtor has not received the notice required under subsection (1), the collector must send that information to the debtor at the address provided by the debtor. Communication with debtor (1) A collector must not communicate or attempt to communicate with a debtor at the debtor’s place of employment unless (a) the collector does not have the home address or telephone number for the debtor and the collector contacts the debtor solely for the purpose of requesting the debtor’s home address or telephone number or both, (b) the collector has attempted to contact the debtor at the debtor’s home address or telephone number, but the collector has not contacted the debtor in any of those attempts, or (c) the collector has been authorized by the debtor to communicate with the debtor at the debtor’s place of employment. (2) The collector must not make more than one verbal attempt, under subsection (1) (b), to contact the debtor at  the debtor’s place of employment. (3) At the time a collector communicates with a debtor, the collector must first indicate to the debtor (a) the name of the creditor with whom the debt was incurred, (b) the amoun t of the debt, and (c) the identity and authority of the collector to collect the debt from the debtor. (4) A collector must not continue to communicate with a debtor (a) except in writing, if the debtor (i) has notified the collector to communicate in writing only, and (ii) has provided a mailing address at which the debtor may be contacted, (b) except through the debtor’s lawyer, if the debtor (i) has notified the collector to communicate only with the debtor’s lawyer, and (ii) has provided an address for the lawyer, or  (c) if the debtor has notified the collector and the creditor that the debt is in dispute and that the debtor would like the creditor to take the matter to court. Communication with persons other than debtor (1) Except for the purpose of obtaining the debtor’s home address or telephone number, a collector must not communicate or attempt to communicate with a member of the debtor’s family or household, or a relative, neighbour, friend or acquaintance of the debtor unless (a) the person contacted has guaranteed to pay the debt and is being contacted in respect of that guarantee, or (b) the debtor has authorized the collector to discuss the debt with the person contacted. (2) A collector must not communicate with a debtor’s employer except (a) for the purpose of confirming the debtor’s employment, business title and business address, or (b) for other purposes authorized in writing by the debtor. Time of communication (1) In this section, â€Å"statutory holiday† means a holiday, except Sunday, unless the holiday falls on a Sunday. (2) Except on the request of the person contacted, a collector must not communicate, either by telephone or in person, with the debtor, a member of the debtor’s family or household, or a relative, neighbour, friend or acquaintance of the debtor, or the debtor’s employer or guarantor (a) on a statutory holiday, (b) subject to paragraph (a), on a Sunday, except between the hours of 1 p.m. and 5 p.m. local time for the person contacted, or (c) on any other day, except between the hours of 7 a.m. and 9 p.m. local time for the person contacted. Cost of communication A collector must not communicate or attempt to communicate with a person for the purpose of collecting, negotiating or demanding payment of a debt by a means that results in the costs of the communication being payable by the person. Collection from person not liable for debt or in excess of amount of debt A collector must not (a) collect or attempt to collect money that exceeds the amount of the debt owing, (b) collect or attempt to collect money from a person who is not liable for the debt, or (c) if a person has informed the collector that the person is not the debtor, continue to communicate with that person unless the collector first makes all reasonable efforts to ensure that the person is in fact the debtor. Legal proceedings (1) If a debt has been assigned to a collector, the collector must not (a) bring or continue a legal proceeding for the recovery of a debt as plaintiff unless the debtor has been given notice of the assignment, or (b) bring a legal proceeding unless the collector first gives notice to the debtor that the collector intends to bring the proceeding. (2) A collector must not recommend to a creditor that a legal proceeding be brought, unless the collector first gives notice to the debtor that the collector intends to recommend that a proceeding be brought. (3) Nothing in subsection (2) affects solicitor-client privilege. (4) A collector must not directly or indirectly threaten, or state an intention, to bring or continue a legal proceeding for the recovery of a debt (a) for which the collector does not have the written authority of the creditor, or (b) for which there is no lawful authority. Removal, seizure, repossession and distress A collector must not do any of the following, whether on the collector’s  own behalf or on behalf of another person, directly or indirectly: (a) unless there is a court order to the contrary, remove from inside the debtor’s private dwelling any personal property claimed under seizure, distress or repossession, in the absence of the debtor, the debtor’s spouse, the debtor’s agent or an adult resident in the debtor’s dwelling; (b) seize, repossess or levy distress against personal property that is not specifically charged or mortgaged, or to which legal claim may not be made under a statute, court judgment or court order; (c) remove, seize, repossess or levy distress against personal property during a day or during the hours of a day when removal, seizure, repossession or distress is prohibited by the regulations. False or misleading information and misrepresentations In collecting or attempting to collect payment of a debt, a collector must not (a) supply any false or misleading information,  (b) misrepresent the purpose of a communication,  (c) misrepresent the identity of the collector or, if different, the creditor, or (d) use, without lawful authority, a summons, notice, demand, or other document that suggests or implies a connection with any court inside or outside of Canada. Additional prohibited practices A collector must not commit or engage in a prescribed act or practice.